Case 1: The functionality tested is out of scope.
Solution: In the above case we can justify the issue as out of scope.
Case 2: The functionality tested is in scope and test case is not present for the same.
Solution: In the above case we can justify the issue in scope and update the testcases with timestamp and notify the manager for the same.
Case 3: The functionality tested is in scope and test case is present for the same.
Solution: In the above case we can justify the issue as a testing error(missed bug) and try to figure out what was the reason for the miss and keep track for the same so that there may not be any misses in the future**.
**Generally associates do not feel strong enough to bring up their mistakes in front of others. But if you are prompt towards your efforts in bringing up your mistakes with proper documentation(as historic data); that would certainly help in bringing up the productivity in future.