Struts1 extends the abstract base class by its action class. The problem with struts1 is that it uses the abstract classes rather than interfaces.
While in Struts 2, an Action class implements an Action interface, along with other interfaces use optional and custom services. Struts 2 provides a base ActionSupport class that implements commonly used interfaces. Although an Action interface is not necessary, any POJO object along with an execute signature can be used as an Struts 2 Action object.
Threading Model
Struts 1 Actions are singletons therefore they must be thread-safe because only one instance of a class handles all the requests for that Action. The singleton strategy restricts to Struts 1 Actions and requires extra care to make the action resources thread safe or synchronized while developing an application.
Struts 2 doesn't have thread-safety issues as Action objects are instantiated for each request. A servlet container generates many throw-away objects per request, and one more object does not impose a performance penalty or impact garbage collection.
Servlet Dependency
Actions are dependent on the servlet API because HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse is passed to the execute method when an Action is invoked therefore Struts1.
Container does not treat the Struts 2 Actions as a couple. Servlet contexts are typically represented as simple Maps that allow Actions to be tested in isolation. Struts 2 Actions can still access the original request and response, if required. While other architectural elements directly reduce or eliminate the need to access the HttpServetRequest or HttpServletResponse.
Testability
Struts1 application has a major problem while testing the application because the execute method exposes the Servlet API. Struts TestCase provides a set of mock object for Struts 1.
To test the Struts 2 Actions instantiate the Action, set the properties, and invoking methods. Dependency Injection also makes testing easier.
Harvesting Input
Struts 1 recieves an input by creating an ActionForm object. Like the action classes, all ActionForms class must extend a ActionForm base class. Other JavaBeans classes cannot be used as ActionForms, while developers create redundant classes to receive the input. DynaBeans is the best alternative to create the conventional ActionForm classes.
Struts 2 requires Action properties as input properties that eliminates the need of a second input object. These Input properties may be rich object types, since they may have their own properties. Developer can access the Action properties from the web page using the taglibs. Struts 2 also supports the ActionForm pattern, POJO form objects and POJO Actions as well.
Expression Language
Struts1 integrates with JSTL, so it uses the JSTL EL. The EL has basic object graph traversal, but relatively weak collection and indexed property support.
Struts 2 can use JSTL, but the framework also supports a more powerful and flexible expression language called "Object Graph Notation Language" (OGNL).
Binding values into views
Struts 1 binds objects into the page context by using the standard JSP mechanism.
Struts 2 uses a ValueStack technology to make the values accessible to the taglibs without coupling the view to the object to which it is rendering. The ValueStack strategy enables us to reuse views across a range of types, having same property name but different property types.
Type Conversion
Struts 1 ActionForm properties are almost in the form of Strings. Commons-Beanutils are used by used by Struts 1 for type conversion. Converters are per-class, which are not configurable per instance.
Struts 2 uses OGNL for type conversion and converters to convert Basic and common object types and primitives as well.
Validation
Struts 1 uses manual validation that is done via a validate method on the ActionForm, or by using an extension to the Commons Validator. Classes can have different validation contexts for the same class, while chaining to validations on sub-objects is not allowed.
Struts 2 allows manual validation that is done by using the validate method and the XWork Validation framework. The Xwork Validation Framework allows chaining of validations into sub-properties using the validations defined for the properties class type and the validation context.
Control Of Action Execution
Each module in Struts 1 has a separate Request Processors (lifecycles), while all the Actions in the module must share the same lifecycle.
In Struts 2 different lifecycles are created on a per Action basis via Interceptor Stacks. Custom stacks are created and used with different Actions, as
Regards, Dipankar Roy Sen. Software Engineer Wipro Technolgies , Pune
Above answer was rated as good by the following members: vsound
Struts1 extends the abstract base class by its action class. The problem with struts1 is that it uses the abstract classes rather than interfaces.
While in Struts 2, an Action class implements an Action interface, along with other interfaces use optional and custom services. Struts 2 provides a base ActionSupport class that implements commonly used interfaces. Although an Action interface is not necessary, any POJO object along with an execute signature can be used as an Struts 2 Action object.
Threading Model
Struts 1 Actions are singletons therefore they must be thread-safe because only one instance of a class handles all the requests for that Action. The singleton strategy restricts to Struts 1 Actions and requires extra care to make the action resources thread safe or synchronized while developing an application.
Struts 2 doesn't have thread-safety issues as Action objects are instantiated for each request. A servlet container generates many throw-away objects per request, and one more object does not impose a performance penalty or impact garbage collection.
Servlet Dependency
Actions are dependent on the servlet API because HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse is passed to the execute method when an Action is invoked therefore Struts1.
Container does not treat the Struts 2 Actions as a couple. Servlet contexts are typically represented as simple Maps that allow Actions to be tested in isolation. Struts 2 Actions can still access the original request and response, if required. While other architectural elements directly reduce or eliminate the need to access the HttpServetRequest or HttpServletResponse.
Testability
Struts1 application has a major problem while testing the application because the execute method exposes the Servlet API. Struts TestCase provides a set of mock object for Struts 1.
To test the Struts 2 Actions instantiate the Action, set the properties, and invoking methods. Dependency Injection also makes testing easier.
Harvesting Input
Struts 1 recieves an input by creating an ActionForm object. Like the action classes, all ActionForms class must extend a ActionForm base class. Other JavaBeans classes cannot be used as ActionForms, while developers create redundant classes to receive the input. DynaBeans is the best alternative to create the conventional ActionForm classes.
Struts 2 requires Action properties as input properties that eliminates the need of a second input object. These Input properties may be rich object types, since they may have their own properties. Developer can access the Action properties from the web page using the taglibs. Struts 2 also supports the ActionForm pattern, POJO form objects and POJO Actions as well.
Expression Language
Struts1 integrates with JSTL, so it uses the JSTL EL. The EL has basic object graph traversal, but relatively weak collection and indexed property support.
Struts 2 can use JSTL, but the framework also supports a more powerful and flexible expression language called "Object Graph Notation Language" (OGNL).
Binding values into views
Struts 1 binds objects into the page context by using the standard JSP mechanism.
Struts 2 uses a ValueStack technology to make the values accessible to the taglibs without coupling the view to the object to which it is rendering. The ValueStack strategy enables us to reuse views across a range of types, having same property name but different property types.
Type Conversion
Struts 1 ActionForm properties are almost in the form of Strings. Commons-Beanutils are used by used by Struts 1 for type conversion. Converters are per-class, which are not configurable per instance.
Struts 2 uses OGNL for type conversion and converters to convert Basic and common object types and primitives as well.
Validation
Struts 1 uses manual validation that is done via a validate method on the ActionForm, or by using an extension to the Commons Validator. Classes can have different validation contexts for the same class, while chaining to validations on sub-objects is not allowed.
Struts 2 allows manual validation that is done by using the validate method and the XWork Validation framework. The Xwork Validation Framework allows chaining of validations into sub-properties using the validations defined for the properties class type and the validation context.
Control Of Action Execution
Each module in Struts 1 has a separate Request Processors (lifecycles), while all the Actions in the module must share the same lifecycle.
In Struts 2 different lifecycles are created on a per Action basis via Interceptor Stacks. Custom stacks are created and used with different Actions, as
Regards, Dipankar Roy Sen. Software Engineer Wipro Technolgies , Pune
Answered by asreeni on 2005-04-08 03:24:40: The core of the Struts framework is a flexible control layer based on standard technologies like Java Servlets, JavaBeans, ResourceBundles, and XML, as well
Latest Answer : Struts is an opensource frame work designed based on MVC architechture which is used to develop webapplications.It is famous because of Centralized controller and loosely coupling nature. ...
Latest Answer : The main differences are 1. In Action class Perform() method was replaced by execute() method.2. DynaActionForms are added.3. Tiles Concept is introduced.4. We can write our own Controller by Inheriting RequestProcessor class. i.e., nothing but we ...
Latest Answer : When we deploy our application in the server, at first the container reads the information from web.xml file.Here ActionServlet object will be created and init() of ActionServlet will be called.Here ActionServlet is the backbone to the whole application.When ...
Latest Answer : You can get the correct picture about DynaAction Form herehttp://struts.apache.org/1.3.8/userGuide/building_controller.html#dyna_action_form_classesAnd in the action class, we retrieve a particular property of the DynaActionForm as follows ...
Latest Answer : Yeah I too agree with this, Here action class is client for EJBFirst get home interface object using JNDI then call remote interface reference variable and continue. ...
Latest Answer : There are only five struts tag libraries1)Bean tag lib2)Html tag lib3)logic tag lib4)nested tag lib5)Template tag libothers are JSTL tag libraries(ex: c.tld,sql.tld,fmt.tld) ...
Latest Answer : hi,to handle the errors:in struts project to handle the error objet by using ActionError object and to handle the errors by using ActionErrors object.for supposeActionError ae1=new ActionError("err.one");ActionError ae2=new ActionError("err.two");Action ...
Latest Answer : Tokens are used to prevent multi click problem in struts. In Action class method at the begining of the code, need to call the saveToken() that generates an unique identifier for the "request url" and stotes it in the session and also in the ...
The arguments passed to function can be of two types
1. Values passed
2. Address passed
The first type refers to call by value and the second type refers to call by reference.
For instance consider program1
main()
{
int x=50, y=70;
interchange(x,y);
printf(“x=%d y=%d”,x,
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