SQL - Structured Query Language - is an open vendor-independent
standardised language for accessing and manipulating data stored in
relational databases. The standards are defined by ANSI.
SQL Server is one of many products that supports and implements the SQL language.
If I write SELECT SomeField FROM SomeTable that's a SQL statement. Of course by itself simply typed into a text editor it doesn't do anything. It must be executed by a database engine that understands how to translate the SQL statement into the low-level commands required to retrieve the data from the proprietary database format. SQL Server is one such database engine.